洪武初年甘肃地缘政治与明朝西北疆界政策

——由冯胜“弃地”事件引发的思考

赵现海

提要：洪武五年“岭北之役”中，冯胜彻底放弃了包括宁夏在内的甘肃行省广大地域，其原因是“惧回鹘之兵”，即惧怕当时势力正盛的东察合台汗国的东进。但北元和东察合台汗国皆受困于其他地区的军事行动，未趁机进取甘肃，而以甘肃为战略版图中的“边缘地带”。这就给明朝重新收复甘肃提供了时间与机会。但明朝在甘肃的经略也止于沙州与哈密，原因是明朝作为建立在东南部的政权，同样将甘肃地区作为“边缘地带”，满足于收复元朝旧疆。冯胜放弃甘肃的主观原因是他对甘肃中唐以来“北方民族化”的社会文化面貌觉得隔膜。明初西北疆界格局与洪武初年明朝、北元、东察合台汗国三方政权在甘肃地区形成的地缘政治格局密切相关。

关键词：洪武初年 甘肃 地缘政治 冯胜 《纪事录》

Title:The Geopolitics of Gansu Region and the

Retreat from Gansu Region

Author:Zhao

Xianhai, Assistant Research Fellow, Institute of History,

the Social Science Academy of China, Beijing, 100732, China

Abstract:After

the frustrated Campaign of Lingbei（岭北之役）against

the Northern Yuan in the fifth year of the Hongwu period,

General Feng Sheng（冯胜）abandoned

the vast area of Gansu region including Ningxia. The reason

for him to do so was concerning the possibility attack from

the EasternChagatai Khanate.

However, itturned out to be that neither the

Northern Yuan, nor the Chagatai Khanate took this advance to

march into Gansu region because they were both trapped in

military actions in other regions and had to look at Gansu

as a rim land. This should have had provided Ming with an

opportunity to retake this region, which didn’t happen

either. The Ming stopped at Shazhou and Hami, satisfied with

inheriting the overthrown Yuan’s territory, and treated

Gansu as a rim land as well. Feng Sheng’s subjective

motivation in this event should also be taken as a relevant

factor. He felt estranged with the social cultural situation

of that region where had been strongly influenced by the

northern ethnical groups since the Tang Dynasty. In general

words, the formation of the Ming frontier in its northwest

territory was an outcome of the triangle geopolitical

situation of the Ming, the Northern Yuan, and the Eastern

Chagatai Khanate.

Key words:early Hongwu

Period Gansu geopolitics Feng Shengji-shi-lu