商品、商人与秩序

——晚明海上世界的重新解读

万 明

提要：本文对晚明海上世界进行重新解读，提出以整体中国海上力量的高度来看待晚明中国海上力量。认为晚明海上场域突出显示了与前此的不同之处：第一，东矿西珍，海上贸易商品结构发生重要变化，东洋凸显，与中国社会经济变化，白银货币化密切相关；第二，环境复杂，无论是中国还是西方，海上贸易以亦商亦盗为基本活动方式，中国海商经历了身份转换，中国海上力量则经历了重新整合，包括官、商、民的通力合作；第三，整合后的中国海上力量重建了海上秩序，并在与西方海上势力的博弈中胜出。指出上述因素构成时代特征，中国社会变迁与世界大变迁紧密相连，无论是在经济层面、社会层面，还是在政治层面，晚明中国都已经发生了重大变迁，标志着中国传统社会的转型已经开启，推动中国走向世界，进入与世界同步的趋向性发展历程。

关键词：晚明

海上世界 商品结构 海商集团 秩序重建胜出西方

Title:Commodity, Merchants and Order: A New Interpretation of the

Late Ming Maritime World

Author:Wan

Ming, Senior Research Fellow, Institute for the Study of

History, Chinese Academy of Social Science, Beijing, 100732,

China.

Abstract:This

article points out that the maritime world of the late Ming

China had changed in the following aspects: 1, the Eastern

sea trading became more significant than the previous times

and strongly impacted the economic and monetary systems of

China; 2, the trading environment became more complicated

because both the Chinese and Western merchants were involved

in pirate activities; 3, the reconstructed Chinese sea power

rebuilt maritime order and became more powerful than the

Western powers in certain area. These changes mean that

China had started its structural transformation together

with the other parts of the world.

Key words:Late Ming maritime commodity structure

reconstruction of order superior to the West merchants

group