外来法官与希腊化时代希腊民主政治的变化

查尔斯·克劳塞尔 刘军 译

提 要：希腊化时代意味着希腊城邦民主体制的衰落，亦见证了民主制度的广泛传播。由于掌控司法权是民主政治的核心问题，故而，在希腊化时代任用外来法官对希腊民主政治造成极大的影响。一方面，任用外来法官为城邦免于内部冲突提供了保证；另一方面，任用外来法官使公民逐渐丧失公私司法权，这为城邦上层分子掌握司法权开辟了道路，也导致了希腊民主政治的衰落。本文通过对《普里埃奈铭文》（53）、《马格奈西亚铭文》（90）及《普里埃奈铭文》（50）3篇铭文的研究，对这一现象做出了多方面的论证。

关键词：外来法官 希腊化时代 希腊民主政治 《普里埃奈铭文》（53） 《马格奈西亚铭文》（90） 《普里埃奈铭文》（50）

Title: Foreign Judges and the Change of Greek Democracy in the Hellenistic Period

Author: Charles Crowther，Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, Oxford University, Oxford, England, UK.

Abstract:The Hellenistic period witnessed the decline of Greek democratic city-state institutions. Meanwhile, it also saw their widest diffusion. And in the Hellenistic period the use of foreign judges had great influence on Greek democracy, because control of jurisdiction is the central question in the definition of democracy. In one hand, the use of foreign judges offered a safety valve to help the city-state out of the danger of the inter conflict; in the other hand, it made the citizens lost their jurisdiction for private and public matter eventually, which provided a method for the members of the elite controlling the jurisdiction of the city-state and led Greek democracy to decline. The research of three inscriptions,IPriene53,IMagnesia90, andIPriene50, could make the phenomenon clear.

Key words:Foreign Judges; the Hellenistic period; Greek democracy;IPriene53;IMagnesia90;IPriene50