明代武职纳级述论

曹 循

提要：明代军民、武官通过捐纳升除武职，称为“纳级”，始行于正统四年。明中期以后，

朝廷为弥补财政匮乏而频繁开纳,又出现了加纳世袭、纳赀免比试、募兵升级等形式，所需财物数量则随武官地位的下降而减少。嘉靖中叶以前，纳级主要得虚衔，对武官铨选影响较小。明后期，纳级已是武官四大来源之一，朝廷陆续出台了一系列任用纳级武官规范，对铨选产生较大影响。纳级对打破资格，招徕无缘世职或难中武举的豪杰之士有积极作用，但整个官僚系统的腐败使纳级所能发挥的积极作用非常有限，实际上加剧了军队的腐败和铨选制度的败坏。

关键词：明代 武职 纳级 捐纳

Title:A

Dynasty

Author:Cao

Xun, Doctoral Candidate, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071,

China

Abstract:Sincethe fourth year of the Zhengtong period, the Ming

dynasty allowed common people, soldiers, and military

officials to acquire military titles by donating to the

government, callednaji(纳级).

In order to make up financial deficit, thenajipractice became intensified after the middle period of the

Ming Dynasty. Some newer policies were carried out in the

practice ofnaji, such as taking inherited position

into consideration, extra donation to avoid skill

competition, spending money to recruit soldiers for

promotion, and so on. Meanwhile, the required value of

donation, on the other hand, went lower because the general

status of military officials had been getting lower. Before

the mid Jiajing period, the donors could only be granted

nominal titles, which had little impact to the regular

selection of the military officials. By the late Ming

period,najihad become one of the four major

channels to appoint military officials, and the court issued

a series of relative regulations. Accordingly,najiimposed stronger influence to the selection system of

military officials. In positive sense,najiprovided

better opportunities to some capable people without

hereditary status, or those who had certain difficulty to

pass regular examinations. On the other hand, because of the

corruption of the whole administrative bureaucracy,najiled to further corruption of the military force of the Ming

Dynasty.

Key words:Ming

Dynasty military titles naji donation