波里比阿论古典罗马共和国政制

晏绍祥

提 要：本文重点探讨波里比阿的混合政体及其与罗马共和国政治生活实际的关系。首先讨论了波里比阿有关单纯政体产生、堕落和循环的理论，在此基础上，考察了他关于罗马共和政体乃混合政体、混合政体相对稳定的观念以及混合性质在罗马政体中的具体表现，并对波里比阿的理论与罗马共和国政治实际之间的关系进行了讨论，指出波里比阿理想化的论述与共和国的实际之间存在一定差距。本文指出，波里比阿已经意识到混合政体像单纯政体一样，注定会走向衰落，尽管速度相对缓慢。他有关斯奇庇奥美德的描述，正反衬了波里比阿时代罗马道德的普遍堕落。

关键词：波里比阿 罗马共和政体 混合政体理论

Title:Polybius on

Constitution of the Roman Republic

Author:Yan Shaoxiang, Professor,

School of History, Capital Normal University, Beijing,

100089, China

Abstract:This paper concentrates itself on the

relationship between Polybius’s theory of mixed constitution

and political practice in the Roman Republic. First of all,

it discusses his theory on the pure constitution’s cycles of

origins, development and decline. Then it deals with the

problem of mixed constitution about the Roman Republic and

for him, the mixed constitution is relatively stable.

Followed is Polybius’s idea about the mixture of

monarchical, aristocratic, and democratic elements in the

Roman Republican constitution. Finally, it probes into the

relationship between Polybius theory and practice of the

Roman political life and emphasizes that there are many

differences in the idealized narrative of Polybius about the

Roman constitution and the reality. It appears that Polybius

realized that the mixed constitution, like the pure

constitution, is destined to decline though the process

might be slower. The virtue of Scipio is in contrast with

the Roman prevailing moral decline in Polybius’s time.

Key wards:Polybius Constitution of the Roman Republic the Theory

Mixed Constitution