两河流域楔形文字文献中的狂犬和狂犬病
吴宇虹
提 要：通过分析两河流域治病咒语中对恶狗咬人致死的疾病症状的描述，推断出它是现代医学中的狂犬病（恐水症）。在苏美尔文献中，有一种被称为ur-mu2-da或ur-idim的狗，它相当于阿卡德语的kalbu
egûm“疯狗”。本文讨论了大量提到疯狗和狂犬病的苏美尔语和阿卡德语的楔形文献：治疗和对抗狂犬病魔的咒语、预兆狂犬病流行的内脏占卜术和占星术的卜文、把狂犬病发生当作城将毁灭的奇特现象预兆文、《创世纪》神话中原始叛神提阿马特的军中的疯狗魔、古拉女神的宠物神犬。在谚语和书信中用它来比喻和讽刺恶人，在亚述王宫建筑中，凶恶的狂犬神被刻绘在宫殿大门上作为守门神。文中还引用了中国古代文献中的狂犬记载作为对比材料。
关键词：苏美尔语 阿卡德语 狂犬病祛病咒语 内脏占卜 魔怪
Title:Rabies
and Rabid Dogs in the Sumerian and Akkadian Cuneiform
Literature
Author:Wu Yuhong, Professor, Institute
for the History of Ancient Civilizations, Northeast Normal
University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China.
Abstract：An
analysis of the symptoms of a disease described in
incantations against the bite of a dog leads to its
identification with rabies or hydrophobia. A particular type
of dog, called ur-mu2-da or ur-idim in Sumerian literature,
is correspondent with Akkadian kalbu šegû “rabid dog”. This
article discusses many Sumerian and Akkadian cuneiform texts
concerning the rabid dog and rabies: incantations against
rabies, hepatoscopy and astrological omens predicting an
epidemic of rabies, and some religious texts, for instance,
Tiamat’s rabid dog in Genesis. In proverbs and letters, the
word is used to satirize the evil person, and as the
Door-god, the image of the rabid dog was inscribed on
Assyrian palace doors. Besides, this study quotes ancient
Chinese literary works concerning rabid dogs for a
comparative study.
Key words:Sumerian
Akkadian incantations against rabies hepatoscopy demons
