明朝公祭文文本的政治文化内涵
李媛
提要：祭文是祭祀仪式过程中使用的祝祷性文字。明代史籍中保存了大量国家公祭文，按内容可分为常规性祭文与临时性祭文两类。祭文在公祭仪式中被宣读、呈案、焚烧或掩埋，此为祭祀过程的重要环节之一。公祭文文本传递出重要的文化内涵：首先，它以言辞形式传达出祭祀主体之意图，沟通了人神关系；其次，对祭祀主体之身份和统治之正统合法性进行反复强化；再次，表达祈福弥灾，规约官民，震慑鬼类的意图。此外，祭祀文中的各种对象关系展现出时人复杂而微妙的天、神、君、臣、人、鬼观。在祭祀仪式上使用祭文使上述内涵得到彰显，进而增强了群体意识中的“神圣”体悟。
关键词：明朝
公祭文 政治文化内涵
Title:The
Political Cultural Implication of the Sacrificial Texts for
the State Worship in the Ming Dynasty
Author:Li
Yuan, Doctoral Candidate, Faculty of History and Culture,
Northeast Normal University, Changchun Jilin, 130024, China
Abstract:The
sacrificial texts are commonly used in the state sacrificial
events. According to their contents this type of materials
left from the Ming period can be divided into two
categories, namely, regular and provisional. These texts
needed to be read, presented on the table, and set on fire
or buried during the ceremonies. All these actions were ways
to connect with the objects of the worshiped. These texts
are usually with significant cultural connotation. Firstly,
they express the intention and relationship of the
worshipers with the worshiped. Secondly, they strengthen the
legitimate and orthodoxy position of the worshiper to all
people including those who are in present and absent.
Thirdly, they express wishes for blessing and preventing
disaster, as well as sending warnings to the unsuitably
behaved spirits or ghosts. Furthermore, the relationships
between the various existences revealed in these texts
reflect the complex and delicate conception of the Ming
people about the heaven, deities, emperors, people, and the
ghosts. The presentation of these texts in the sacrificial
events meant to create strong feeling of people about those
relationships, which might have actually inspired the
consciousness of political holiness among then people.
Key words:Ming
dynasty sacrificial texts for state worship political
cultural implication
